Don't be an asshole 4. Posting again to bitch that your comment. The West Wing Thing - Ep 4 Season 1 (westwingthing.libsyn.com).
The West Wing (season 3) | |
---|---|
DVD box cover. Cast from top to bottom and left to right: Charlie, Sam, C. J., President Bartlet, Toby, Donna, Josh, Abbey and Leo | |
Country of origin | United States |
No. of episodes | 21 + 2 specials |
Release | |
Original network | NBC |
Original release | October 3, 2001 – May 22, 2002 |
Season chronology | |
Next → Season 4 | |
List of The West Wing episodes |
The third season of the American political drama television series The West Wing aired in the United States on NBC from October 3, 2001 to May 22, 2002 and consisted of 21 episodes and 2 special episodes.
- 2Cast
- 5Specials
Production[edit]
The season premiere was delayed by the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States. When the season did return, the first episode was a special episode titled 'Isaac and Ishmael,' in which the main cast paid tribute to those affected by the attacks and informed viewers about what to expect from the delayed premiere.
Series creator Aaron Sorkin acknowledged in October 2002 that the terrorism-related plots designed to keep the series relevant after the real-life attacks were awkward at times, saying 'from week to week, you felt like you were writing the show handcuffed, a little bit. I didn't know how to write it anymore. It was a constant search for what I wasn't doing that used to make the show work. Maybe there was a way to make it work. There probably was. I wasn't able to find it in twenty-two episodes.'[1]
Cast[edit]
The third season had star billing for nine major roles. Eight of these were filled by returning main cast members from the second season. Rob Lowe received star billing, while Martin Sheen received the final credit for his role as President Josiah Bartlet. The rest of the ensemble, now including previously recurring Stockard Channing, were credited alphabetically. Channing was only credited for the episodes in which she appears.
Main cast[edit]
- Rob Lowe as Sam Seaborn, the Deputy Communications Director
- Stockard Channing as Abbey Bartlet, the First Lady
- Dulé Hill as Charlie Young, the Personal Aide to the President
- Allison Janney as C. J. Cregg, the White House Press Secretary
- Janel Moloney as Donna Moss, the Assistant to the Deputy Chief of Staff
- Richard Schiff as Toby Ziegler, the Communications Director
- John Spencer as Leo McGarry, the White House Chief of Staff
- Bradley Whitford as Josh Lyman, the Deputy Chief of Staff
- Martin Sheen as Josiah Bartlet, the President of the United States
Plot[edit]
The third season, covering the administration's third and fourth years in office, begins with Bartlet announcing his intention to run for re-election and is dominated by the subsequent campaign. Other prominent story lines include a Congressional investigation into allegations Bartlet committed electoral fraud by concealing his MS, a death threat against C.J. and the ensuing relationship she develops with the Secret Service agent assigned to protect her, and Qumari defense minister Abdul Shareef's planning of terrorist attacks against the US. The season finale resolves several of these story lines when Bartlet meets his electoral opponent and reaffirms his commitment to defeat him, finally decides to order Shareef's assassination, and, just minutes after the man who threatened her is arrested, C.J.'s Secret Service agent interrupts a convenience store robbery and is killed.
Episodes[edit]
No. overall | No. in season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod. code |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
45 | 1 | 'Manchester (Part I)' | Thomas Schlamme | Aaron Sorkin | October 10, 2001 | 227201 |
Surprising everyone, President Bartlet announces his intentions to run for re-election, angering Abbey. Meanwhile, Haiti's obstreperous dictator is giving National Security AdvisorNancy McNally fits. The staff scrambles to work the news cycle in their favor in the wake of the President's announcement. C.J. makes a critical error in a statement to the press. | ||||||
46 | 2 | 'Manchester (Part II)' | Thomas Schlamme | Aaron Sorkin | October 17, 2001 | 227202 |
Senior staffers clash with newly hired political operative Bruno Gianelli and his aides Connie and Doug. Josh is upset because Leo won't let him 'wave off the FDA' on RU-486. C.J. contemplates her future at the White House. President Bartlet makes it clear he values both Bruno's team and his senior staff and gets them focused on running a successful re-election campaign as allies rather than adversaries. | ||||||
47 | 3 | 'Ways and Means' | Alex Graves | Story by : Eli Attie & Gene Sperling Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin | October 24, 2001 | 227203 |
The special prosecutor begins his probe and the White House feels his objective, unbiased approach may hurt them politically. C.J. begins maneuvering within the press to persuade Congress to start their own investigation, believing it will be easier to win a battle with bloodthirsty Republicans. Meanwhile, Sam and Bruno are concerned about a powerful California labor leader and Toby and Josh are preoccupied with a congressional battle over the estate tax. Donna meets a young Republican lawyer. | ||||||
48 | 4 | 'On the Day Before' | Christopher Misiano | Story by : Paul Redford & Nanda Chitre Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin | October 31, 2001 | 227204 |
The President vetoes his first bill—the repeal of the estate tax—and staffers scramble to counter the GOP's override threat, first having to deal with an opportunistic Democratic Congressman before Sam has an idea that leads them to a surprising ally. An international crisis erupts when Palestinian terrorists kill two Americans in Israel. Meanwhile, Charlie has been offered legal immunity and everyone urges him to take it, and an incompetent reporter mocks C.J. and finds out that was a stupid thing to do. | ||||||
49 | 5 | 'War Crimes' | Alex Graves | Story by : Allison Abner Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin | November 7, 2001 | 227205 |
The President asks a reluctant Vice President (Tim Matheson) to speak at an anti-gun rally in Texas after a church shooting, while Donna goes before a Congressional committee investigating Bartlet's lack of disclosure and lies under oath when her new boyfriend asks her a personal question. Toby deals with a leaked quote that is embarrassing to the President, while C.J. meets up with a gutsy reporter and Sam ponders a plan to eliminate the penny. | ||||||
50 | 6 | 'Gone Quiet' | Jon Hutman | Story by : Julia Dahl & Laura Glasser Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin | November 14, 2001 | 227207 |
An American spy submarine suddenly goes silent in hostile waters outside North Korea, and Bartlet must decide whether he should notify the enemy or attempt a risky, secret rescue. Meanwhile, a top Republican contender can't articulate why he wants to be President, but C.J. is disappointed with President Bartlet's own answer to that question. Toby clashes with a Congresswoman over funding the National Endowment for the Arts. This episode guest stars Hal Holbrook as Deputy Secretary of State Albie Duncan, marking the first of several appearances for his character. | ||||||
51 | 7 | 'The Indians in the Lobby' | Paris Barclay | Story by : Allison Abner Teleplay by : Allison Abner & Kevin Falls and Aaron Sorkin | November 21, 2001 | 227208 |
On the day before Thanksgiving, the President is talking turkey to whoever will listen (and everyone must). Meanwhile, C.J. deals with two Native Americans who have encamped in the lobby. Toby annoys the President when he finds out polls involving the First Family increase his popularity. Sam is dismayed by a new formula for poverty and Josh goes diplomatic on a case involving a Georgia teen who killed his teacher and fled to Italy. | ||||||
52 | 8 | 'The Women of Qumar' | Alex Graves | Story by : Felicia Wilson & Laura Glasser & Julia Dahl Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin | November 28, 2001 | 227209 |
C.J. argues with senior staff over whether to make public the possibility of an outbreak of mad cow disease, as well as the renewal of a lease on a Qumari military base despite her horror with that nation's treatment of women. Toby meets with veterans upset about the content of a SmithsonianPearl Harbor exhibition, and Josh finds some sparks when he meets with a woman's group director named Amy Gardner. | ||||||
53 | 9 | 'Bartlet for America' | Thomas Schlamme | Aaron Sorkin | December 12, 2001 | 227210 |
It's Christmas, and the most pressing matter is a threat to firebomb black churches in Tennessee on Christmas Eve. Leo testifies before a Congressional committee on the MS matter, recalling several critical moments from the Bartlet campaign and a personal slip-up that could end his career and badly damage the President. | ||||||
54 | 10 | 'H. Con-172' | Vincent Misiano | Story by : Eli Attie Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin | January 9, 2002 | 227211 |
Leo defiantly rejects the Congressional committee's offer of a public censure of Bartlet that would end the investigation into Bartlet's concealment of his illness and spare Leo of any possible personal repercussions, while the President continues to weigh his options. In other stories, Josh puts his foot in his mouth over his courtship of Amy, Sam is angry over a White House tell-all book, and Charlie's heartfelt purchase of an old Middle East map for the President leads to some political problems. | ||||||
55 | 11 | '100,000 Airplanes' | David Nutter | Aaron Sorkin | January 16, 2002 | 227212 |
While the White House staff works intensely on the President's State of the Union speech, Bartlet and the First Lady have dinner with a group of her scientist friends who speculate that sphingosine kinase could lead to a cure for cancer. As a result, Bartlet demands that a passage ambitiously promising a crusade to cure cancer within 10 years be included. Sam is the point man for this speech, which is billed as the most important of the President's career and one whose failure will end his hopes for re-election. As Sam is very reluctantly interviewed for a Vanity Fair profile by Lisa Sherborne, who was once his fiancée, he lays out the process by which a State of the Union address comes about. Sam knows that the pledge to cure cancer is noble and the kind of over-reaching government should do, but also that for political reasons it can't be included in the final speech and removes it, taking out most of his frustrations on Lisa, who finally tells Sam she's taking herself off the story, and then reminds him that it was he and not her who ended their engagement. Attracted to Amy Gardner, a prominent women's rights leader, Josh tries to persuade her that her burgeoning romance with a Congressman is solely a result of political machinations. | ||||||
56 | 12 | 'The Two Bartlets' | Alex Graves | Story by : Gene Sperling Teleplay by : Kevin Falls and Aaron Sorkin | January 30, 2002 | 227213 |
The staff debates whether to counter a fast-rising Republican presidential candidate's verbal assault on affirmative action at the Iowa caucuses and Josh postpones his tropical vacation with women's rights advocate Amy Gardner to defuse a risky situation in Vieques, Puerto Rico. C.J. surprises Toby with her lack of enthusiasm for affirmative action, while Sam has to meet with a UFO crackpot per Leo's orders. Toby and President Bartlet clash over the President's mental state and relationship with his father. | ||||||
57 | 13 | 'Night Five' | Christopher Misiano | Aaron Sorkin | February 6, 2002 | 227214 |
Bartlet consults a psychiatrist, Dr. Stanley Keyworth, for a troubling sleep disorder and receives a sobering personal assessment. C.J. lobbies vigorously to help secure the release of a White House reporter who has been taken hostage while on assignment in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Toby clashes again with his ex-wife over a speech for the UN that takes radical Islam to task. Sam is accused of sexism by a young intern but Ainsley comes to his defense. | ||||||
58 | 14 | 'Hartsfield's Landing' | Vincent Misiano | Aaron Sorkin | February 27, 2002 | 227215 |
Bartlet engages both Sam and Toby in intricate chess matches that mirror the wily game of brinksmanship that Bartlet is playing with the Chinese, who are conducting war games in the Taiwan Strait. The small New England town of Hartsfield's Landing kicks off voting in the New Hampshire primary, and Josh is lobbying for every vote he can get. A prank war between C.J. and Charlie turns somewhat destructive. | ||||||
59 | 15 | 'Dead Irish Writers' | Alex Graves | Story by : Paul Redford Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin | March 6, 2002 | 227216 |
As Abbey contemplates the possible loss of her medical license, she grudgingly attends a big White House party for her birthday. Toby discusses the inclusion of a Sinn Féin member in the guest list of a White House event with British Ambassador Lord John Marbury. Sam gets another visit from someone who wants to give him orders on what to do, this time from a respected former teacher of his who wants the U.S. to fund a major scientific research effort. Donna's US citizenship is called into question. | ||||||
60 | 16 | 'The U.S. Poet Laureate' | Christopher Misiano | Story by : Laura Glasser Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin | March 27, 2002 | 227217 |
Bartlet makes a disparaging comment about a potential Republican nominee after a television interview, apparently not realizing that he is still being recorded. Meanwhile, Toby tries to dissuade the newly named U.S. poet laureate, Tabatha Fortis (played by Laura Dern), from publicly objecting to the government's lack of support for a treaty on land mines. Sam offers Ainsley Hayes a big promotion and Josh discovers he has an Internet message board following that turns into a fictionalized version of Aaron Sorkin's real-life flame wars at Television Without Pity. | ||||||
61 | 17 | 'Stirred' | Jeremy Kagan | Story by : Dee Dee Myers Teleplay by : Aaron Sorkin & Eli Attie | April 3, 2002 | 227218 |
When a truck carrying uranium fuel rods crashes in a remote Idaho tunnel, Bartlet's staff prepares for a potential environmental or terrorist crisis. Donna seeks a presidential proclamation honoring the retirement of her favorite teacher. The staff considers eliminating Vice PresidentJohn Hoynes from the election ticket but for different reasons, Sam and the President are not going to let that happen. | ||||||
62 | 18 | 'Enemies Foreign and Domestic' | Alex Graves | Paul Redford and Aaron Sorkin | May 1, 2002 | 227219 |
As Sam is finalizing the details of Bartlet's upcoming summit with the Russian president, satellite photographs reveal an Iranian nuclear bomb facility being built using Russian technology. During a press briefing, C.J. voices her personal indignation that a group of schoolgirls in Saudi Arabia were prevented from escaping a burning building by religious police because they were not dressed properly according to Sharia law. After receiving death threats, C.J. is assigned Secret Service Special Agent Simon Donovan (Mark Harmon) for personal protection, and he tells her that the individual who is targeting her has no connection to jihadists. Toby tries to help a Russian journalist he thinks is being suppressed by her government, and Charlie unravels a mystery involving a long-lost letter to FDR. | ||||||
63 | 19 | 'The Black Vera Wang' | Christopher Misiano | Aaron Sorkin | May 8, 2002 | 227220 |
While C.J. gets used to being tailed by Special Agent Donovan, the President must deal with a terrorist threat on a military installation that gets closer and closer to home and leads to a frightening revelation. Meanwhile, Toby plays hardball with network TV executives who want to cut national convention coverage, and Sam's plan to keep dirty tricks out of the Presidential campaign blows up in his face. | ||||||
64 | 20 | 'We Killed Yamamoto' | Thomas Schlamme | Aaron Sorkin | May 15, 2002 | 227221 |
Bartlet agonizes over whether to disregard the principle of diplomatic immunity for an important Middle Eastern official who is known to be plotting terrorist acts. Bartlet is advised not to attend a fundraiser for a politically sensitive cause because his Republican opponent will also be attending. Josh and Amy clash over a welfare renewal bill, while Sam is gun-shy after the tape disclosure from earlier. | ||||||
65 | 21 | 'Posse Comitatus' | Alex Graves | Aaron Sorkin | May 22, 2002 | 227222 |
Bartlet makes a life-or-death decision regarding the defense minister of Qumar who is a known terrorist. The flirtation between C.J. and her Secret Service bodyguard, Simon Donovan, is limited by their professional relationship and then cut short by tragedy. Josh defeats Amy in the welfare bill battle and their relationship is left with an uncertain future. Bartlet encounters his opponent, Governor Ritchie, at a performance of War of the Roses. |
Specials[edit]
Two special episodes, not part of the official continuity, were produced to complement the series and were broadcast on NBC. Both episodes ran within the third season and were included on the season's DVD.[2]
'Isaac and Ishmael'[edit]
Written by series creator Aaron Sorkin and directed by Christopher Misiano, this episode was a terrorism-themed episode produced in the wake of the September 11 attacks. The episode pushed the scheduled season premiere back a week and encouraged viewers to donate to charity—profits from the episode and cast members' weekly pay were also donated.[3] The episode 'was written and produced in record time'—less than three weeks[3][4]—and aired on October 3, 2001. Although timely and well-intentioned, the episode was criticized by James Poniewozik for being condescending and preachy.[4]
'Documentary Special'[edit]
The second special interspersed the characters' fictional lives with interviews of real West Wing personnel, including Presidents Ford, Carter, and Clinton; press secretaries Marlin Fitzwater and Dee Dee Myers; presidential advisors David Gergen, Paul Begala, and incumbent Karl Rove; Secretary of State Henry Kissinger; Chief of Staff Leon Panetta; presidential personal secretary Betty Currie; and speechwriter Peggy Noonan.[5] The documentary won a Primetime Emmy Award in 2002 for 'Outstanding Special Class Program'.[6]
Reception[edit]
The third season received 21 Emmy Award nominations for the 54th Primetime Emmy Awards, the most-nominated season, winning a total of 4 awards. The series won its third consecutive award for Outstanding Drama Series and Allison Janney also won her third consecutive award, this time in the Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series category. John Spencer and Stockard Channing each won for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series and Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series, respectively, after being nominated twice before. The season received several acting nominations, which included Martin Sheen for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series; Dulé Hill, Richard Schiff, and Bradley Whitford for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series; Janel Moloney and Mary-Louise Parker for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series; Mark Harmon, Tim Matheson, and Ron Silver for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series. Paris Barclay (for 'The Indians in the Lobby') and Alex Graves (for 'Posse Comitatus') were each nominated for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series, and Aaron Sorkin was nominated for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series (for 'Posse Comitatus').[7]
Thomas Del Ruth won an award from the American Society of Cinematographers for the episode 'Bartlet for America'.[8]
References[edit]
- ^'Charlie Rose October 2002, Ep. 2'. Amazon.com. October 2, 2002. Retrieved September 4, 2013.
- ^'The West Wing: The Complete Third Season'. Warner Bros. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- ^ ab'West Wing airs attacks show'. BBC News. October 4, 2001. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- ^ abPoniewozik, James (October 4, 2001). ''West Wing': Terrorism 101'. Time. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- ^Cox News Service (April 22, 2002). ''West Wing' Episode Acts As Documentary With Real-life Politicos In The Mix'. Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- ^Zarchy, Bill (March 2003). 'The West Wing documentary special'. American Cinematographer. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- ^'The West Wing'. Emmys.com. Retrieved September 4, 2013.
- ^'The ASC Awards for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography'. American Society of Cinematographers. Archived from the original on November 12, 2010. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
- General references
- 'The West Wing Episodes on NBC'. TV Guide. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
- 'Shows A-Z - west wing, the on nbc'. the Futon Critic. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
- 'The West Wing - Episode Guide'. MSN TV. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
- 'The West Wing: Episode Guide'. Zap2it. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
- 'The West Wing Episode Guides'. NBC. Archived from the original on August 3, 2006. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_West_Wing_(season_3)&oldid=888364777'
P-3 Orion | |
---|---|
A P-3C of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force | |
Role | Maritime patrol aircraft |
National origin | United States |
Manufacturer | Lockheed Lockheed Martin Kawasaki Heavy Industries |
First flight | November 1959[1] |
Introduction | August 1962[1] |
Status | Active |
Primary users | United States Navy Royal New Zealand Air Force Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force Royal Australian Air Force Republic of Korea Navy |
Produced | 1961–1990[2] |
Number built | Lockheed – 650, Kawasaki – 107, Total – 757[3] |
Unit cost | |
Developed from | Lockheed L-188 Electra |
Variants | Lockheed AP-3C Orion Lockheed CP-140 Aurora Lockheed EP-3 Lockheed WP-3D Orion |
Developed into | Lockheed P-7 |
The Lockheed P-3 Orion is a four-engine turbopropanti-submarine and maritime surveillance aircraft developed for the United States Navy and introduced in the 1960s. Lockheed based it on the L-188 Electra commercial airliner.[4] The aircraft is easily distinguished from the Electra by its distinctive tail stinger or 'MAD Boom', used for the magnetic detection of submarines.
Over the years, the aircraft has seen numerous design developments, most notably in its electronics packages. Numerous navies and air forces around the world continue to use the P-3 Orion, primarily for maritime patrol, reconnaissance, anti-surface warfare and anti-submarine warfare.[1] A total of 757 P-3s have been built, and in 2012, it joined the handful of military aircraft including the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker, Lockheed C-130 Hercules and the Lockheed U-2 that have seen over 50 years of continuous use by the United States military. The Boeing P-8 Poseidon will eventually replace the U.S. Navy's remaining P-3C aircraft.
- 1Development
- 2Design
- 3Operational history
- 5Operators
- 5.3Civilian operators
- 5.3.2Former Civilian Operators
- 5.3Civilian operators
Development[edit]
Origins[edit]
In August 1957 the U.S. Navy called for proposals for replacement of the piston-enginedLockheed P2V Neptune (later redesignated P-2) and Martin P5M Marlin (later redesignated P-5) with a more advanced aircraft to conduct maritime patrol and anti-submarine warfare. Modifying an existing aircraft was expected[by whom?] to save on cost and to allow rapid introduction into the fleet. Lockheed suggested a military version of its L-188 Electra, then still in development and yet to fly. In April 1958 Lockheed won the competition and was awarded an initial research-and-development contract in May.[4]
The first Orion prototype was a converted Lockheed Electra.
Lockheed modified the prototype YP3V-1/YP-3A, Bureau Number (BuNo) 148276 from the third Electra airframe c/n 1003.[5] The first flight of the aircraft's aerodynamic prototype, originally designated YP3V-1, took place on 19 August 1958. While based on the same design philosophy as the Lockheed L-188 Electra, the aircraft differed structurally: it had 7 feet (2.1 m) less fuselage forward of the wings with an opening bomb bay, and a more pointed nose radome, a distinctive tail 'stinger' for detection of submarines by magnetic anomaly detector, wing hardpoints, and other internal, external, and airframe-production technique enhancements.[4] The Orion has four Allison T56turboprops which give it a top speed of 411 knots (761 km/h; 473 mph) comparable to the fastest propeller fighters, or even to slow high-bypass turbofan jets such as the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II or the Lockheed S-3 Viking. Similar patrol aircraft include the Soviet Ilyushin Il-38, the French Breguet Atlantique and the British jet-powered Hawker Siddeley Nimrod (based on the de Havilland Comet).
The first production version, designated P3V-1, was launched on 15 April 1961. Initial squadron deliveries to Patrol Squadron Eight (VP-8) and Patrol Squadron Forty Four (VP-44) at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland, began in August 1962. On 18 September 1962 the U.S. military transitioned to a unified designation system for all services, with the aircraft being renamed the P-3 Orion.[4] Paint schemes have changed from early 1960s gloss blue and white to mid-1960s/1970s/1980s/early 1990s gloss white and gray, to mid-1990s flat finish low-visibility gray with fewer and smaller markings. In the early 2000s the paint scheme changed to its current overall gloss gray finish with the original full-size color markings. However, large-size Bureau Numbers on the vertical stabilizer and squadron designations on the fuselage remained omitted.[6]
Further developments[edit]
P-3 Orions from Japan, Canada, Australia, Republic of Korea and the United States at MCAS Kaneohe Bay during RIMPAC 2010.
In 1963, the U.S. Navy Bureau of Weapons (BuWeps) contracted Univac Defense Systems Division of Sperry-Rand to engineer, build and test a digital computer (then in its infancy) to interface with the many sensors and newly developing display units of the P-3 Orion. Project A-NEW was the engineering system which, after several early trials, produced the engineering prototype, the CP-823/U, Univac 1830, Serial A-1, A-NEW MOD3 Computing System. The CP-823/U was delivered to the Naval Air Development Center (NADC) at Johnsville, Pennsylvania in 1965, and directly led to the production computers later equipped on the P-3C Orion.[7]
Three civilian Electras were lost in fatal accidents between February 1959 and March 1960. Following the third crash the FAA restricted the maximum speed of Electras until the cause could be determined. After an extensive investigation, two of the crashes (in September 1959 and March 1960) were found to be caused by insufficiently strong engine mounts, unable to damp a whirling motion that could affect the outboard engines. When the oscillation was transmitted to the wings, a severe vertical vibration escalated until the wings were torn from the aircraft.[8][9] The company implemented an expensive modification program, labelled the Lockheed Electra Achievement Program or LEAP, in which the engine mounts and wing structures supporting the mounts were strengthened, and some wing skins replaced with thicker material. All the surviving Electras of the 145 built at that time were modified at Lockheed's expense at the factory, the modifications taking 20 days for each aircraft. The changes were incorporated in subsequent aircraft as they were built.[8]
Sales of airliners were limited as the technical fix did not completely erase the 'jinxed' reputation, turboprop-powered aircraft were soon replaced by faster jets.[10] In a military role where fuel efficiency was more valued than speed, the Orion has been in service over 50 years after its 1962 introduction. Although surpassed in production longevity by the Lockheed C-130 Hercules, 734 P-3s were produced through 1990.[2][11] Lockheed Martin opened a new P-3 wing production line in 2008 as part of its Service Life Extension Program (ASLEP) for delivery in 2010. A complete ASLEP replaces the outer wings, center wing lower section and horizontal stabilizers with newly built parts.[12]
In the 1990s, during a U.S. Navy attempt to identify a successor aircraft to the P-3, the improved P-7 was selected over a navalized variant of the twin turbofan-powered Boeing 757, but this program was subsequently cancelled. In a second program to procure a successor, the advanced Lockheed Martin Orion 21, another P-3 derived aircraft, lost out to the Boeing P-8 Poseidon, a Boeing 737 variant, which entered service in 2013.
Design[edit]
P-3A of VP-49 in the original blue/white colors
Underside view of a P-3C showing the MAD (rear boom) and external sonobuoy launch tubes (grid of black spots towards the rear)
Rolls Royce Allison T56-A-14 engine with Hamilton Standard 54H60-77 propeller
The P-3 has an internal bomb bay under the front fuselage which can house conventional Mark 50 torpedoes or Mark 46 torpedoes and/or special (nuclear) weapons. Additional underwing stations, or pylons, can carry other armament configurations including the AGM-84 Harpoon, AGM-84E SLAM, AGM-84H/K SLAM-ER, the AGM-65 Maverick, 127 millimetres (5.0 in) Zuni rockets, and various other sea mines, missiles, and gravity bombs. The aircraft also had the capability to carry the AGM-12 Bullpup guided missile until that weapon was withdrawn from U.S./NATO/Allied service.[13]
The P-3 is equipped with a magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) in the extended tail. This instrument is able to detect the magnetic anomaly of a submarine in the Earth's magnetic field. The limited range of this instrument requires the aircraft to be near the submarine at low altitude. Because of this, it is primarily used for pinpointing the location of a submarine immediately prior to a torpedo or depth bomb attack. Due to the sensitivity of the detector, electromagnetic noise can interfere with it, so the detector is placed in P-3's fiberglass tail stinger (MAD boom), far from other electronics and ferrous metals on the aircraft.[14]
Crew complement[edit]
![Wing Wing](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/cMVhdKZ3ebk/hqdefault.jpg)
The crew complement varies depending on the role being flown, the variant being operated, and the country that is operating the type. In U.S. Navy service, the normal crew complement was 12 until it was reduced to its current complement of 11 in the early 2000s when the in-flight ordnanceman (ORD) position was eliminated as a cost-savings measure and the ORD duties assumed by the in-flight technician (IFT).[1] Data for U.S. Navy P-3C only.
Officers:
- three Naval Aviators
- Patrol Plane Commander (PPC)
- Patrol Plane 2nd Pilot (PP2P)
- Patrol Plane 3rd Pilot (PP3P)
- two Naval Flight Officers
- Patrol Plane Tactical Coordinator (PPTC or TACCO)
- Patrol Plane Navigator/Communicator (PPNC or NAVCOM)
NOTE: NAVCOM on P-3C only; USN P-3A and P-3B series had an NFO Navigator (TACNAV) and an enlisted Airborne Radio Operator (RO)
Enlisted Aircrew:
- two enlisted Aircrew Flight Engineers (FE1 and FE2)
- three enlisted Sensor Operators
- Radar/MAD/EWO (SS-3)
- two Acoustic (SS-1 and SS-2)
- one enlisted In-Flight Technician (IFT)
- one enlisted Aviation Ordnanceman (ORD position no longer used on USN crews; duties assumed by IFT.)
The senior of either the PPC or TACCO will be designated as the aircraft Mission Commander (MC).
Engine loiter shutdown[edit]
Once on station, one engine is often shut down (usually the No. 1 engine – the left outer engine) to conserve fuel and extend the time aloft and/or range when at low level. It is the primary candidate for loiter shutdown because it has no generator. Eliminating the exhaust from engine 1 also improves visibility from the aft observer station on the port side of the aircraft.
On occasion, both outboard engines can be shut down, weight, weather, and fuel permitting. Long deep-water, coastal or border patrol missions can last over 10 hours and may include extra crew. The record time aloft for a P-3 is 21.5 hours, undertaken by the Royal New Zealand Air Force's No. 5 Squadron in 1972.
Operational history[edit]
United States[edit]
P-3B of VP-6 near Hawaii
US P-3C Orion of VP-8
Changing a tire on a P-3C
Developed during the Cold War, the P-3's primary mission was to track Soviet Navyballistic missile and fast attack submarines and to eliminate them in the event of full-scale war. At its height, the U.S. Navy's P-3 community consisted of twenty-four active duty 'Fleet' patrol squadrons home based at air stations in the states of Florida and Hawaii as well as bases which formerly had P-3 operations in Maryland, Maine, and California. There were also thirteen Naval Reserve patrol squadrons identical to their active duty 'Fleet' counterparts, said Reserve 'Fleet' squadrons being based in Florida, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Michigan, Massachusetts (later relocated to Maine), Illinois, Tennessee, Louisiana, California and Washington. Two Fleet Replacement Squadrons (FRS), also called 'RAG' squadrons (from the historic 'Replacement Air Group' nomenclature) were located in California and Florida. The since-deactivated VP-31 in California provided P-3 training for the Pacific Fleet, while VP-30 in Florida performed the task for the Atlantic Fleet. These squadrons were also augmented by a test and evaluation squadron in Maryland, two additional test and evaluation units that were part of an air development center in Pennsylvania and a test center in California, an oceanographic development squadron in Maryland, and two active duty 'special projects' units in Maine and Hawaii, the latter being slightly smaller than a typical squadron.
Reconnaissance missions in international waters led to occasions where Soviet fighters would 'bump' a P-3, either operated by the U.S. Navy or other operators such as the Royal Norwegian Air Force. On 1 April 2001, a midair collision between a United States Navy EP-3E ARIES II signals surveillance aircraft and a People's Liberation Army NavyJ-8II jet fighter-interceptor resulted in an international dispute between the U.S. and the People's Republic of China (PRC).[15]
More than 40 combatant and noncombatant P-3 variants have demonstrated the rugged reliability displayed by the platform flying 12-hour plus missions 200 ft (61 m) over salt water while maintaining an excellent safety record. Versions have been developed for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for research and hurricane hunting/hurricane wall busting, for the U.S. Customs Service (now U.S. Customs and Border Protection) for drug interdiction and aerial surveillance mission with a rotodome adapted from the Grumman E-2 Hawkeye or an AN/APG-66 radar adapted from the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, and for NASA for research and development.
The U.S. Navy remains the largest P-3 operator, currently distributed between a single fleet replacement (i.e., 'training') patrol squadron in Florida (VP-30), 12 active duty patrol squadrons distributed between bases in Florida, Washington and Hawaii, two Navy Reserve patrol squadrons in Florida and Washington, one active duty special projects patrol squadron (VPU-2) in Hawaii, and two active duty test and evaluation squadrons. One additional active duty fleet reconnaissance squadron (VQ-1) operates the EP-3 Ariessignals intelligence (SIGINT) variant at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island, Washington.
In January 2011, the U.S. Navy revealed that P-3s have been used to hunt down 'third generation' narco subs.[16] This is significant because as recently as July 2009, fully submersible submarines have been used in smuggling operations.[17]
In Cuba[edit]
In October 1962, P-3A aircraft flew several blockade patrols in the vicinity of Cuba. Having just recently joined the operational Fleet earlier that year, this was the first employment of the P-3 in a real world 'near conflict' situation.
In Vietnam[edit]
Beginning in 1964, forward deployed P-3 aircraft began flying a variety of missions under Operation Market Time from bases in the Philippines and Vietnam. The primary focus of these coastal patrols was to stem the supply of materials to the Viet Cong by sea, although several of these missions also became overland 'feet dry' sorties. During one such mission, a small caliber artillery shell passed through a P-3 without rendering it mission incapable. The only confirmed combat loss of a P-3 also occurred during Operation Market Time. In April 1968, a U.S. Navy P-3B of VP-26 was downed by anti-aircraft fire in the Gulf of Thailand with the loss of the entire crew. Two months earlier, in February 1968, another one of VP-26's P-3B aircraft was operating in the same vicinity when it crashed with the loss of the entire crew. Originally attributed to an aircraft mishap at low altitude, later conjecture is that this aircraft may have also fallen victim to AAA fire from the same source as the April incident.[18]
In Iraq[edit]
On 2 August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait and was poised to strike Saudi Arabia. Within 48 hours of the initial invasion, U.S. Navy P-3C aircraft were among the first American forces to arrive in the area. One was a modified platform with a prototype system known as 'Outlaw Hunter'. Undergoing trials in the Pacific after being developed by Tiburon Systems, Inc. for NAVAIR's PMA-290 Program Office, 'Outlaw Hunter' was testing a specialized over-the-horizon targeting (OTH-T) system package when it responded. Within hours of the start of the coalition air campaign, 'Outlaw Hunter' detected a large number of Iraqi patrol boats and naval vessels attempting to move from Basra and Umm Qasr to Iranian waters. 'Outlaw Hunter' vectored in strike elements which attacked the flotilla near Bubiyan Island destroying 11 vessels and damaging scores more. During Desert Shield, a P-3 using infrared imaging detected a ship with Iraqi markings beneath freshly-painted bogus Egyptian markings trying to avoid detection. Several days before the 7 January 1991 commencement of Operation Desert Storm, a P-3C equipped with an APS-137 Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) conducted coastal surveillance along Iraq and Kuwait to provide pre-strike reconnaissance on enemy military installations. A total of 55 of the 108 Iraqi vessels destroyed during the conflict were targeted by P-3C aircraft.[19]
The P-3 Orion's mission expanded in the late 1990s and early 2000s to include battlespace surveillance both at sea and over land. The long range and long loiter time of the P-3 Orion have proved to be an invaluable asset during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. It can instantaneously provide information about the battlespace it can see to ground troops, particularly the U.S. Marines.[1]
In Afghanistan[edit]
Although the P-3 is a Maritime Patrol Aircraft, armament and sensor upgrades in the Anti-surface Warfare Improvement Program (AIP)[20] have made it suitable for sustained combat air support over land.[20] Since the start of the current war in Afghanistan, U.S. Navy P-3 aircraft have been operating from Kandahar in that role.[21] Royal Australian Air Force AP-3C Orions operated out of Minhad Air Base in the UAE from 2003 until their withdrawal in November 2012. During the period 2008–2012, the AP-3C Orions conducted overland intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance tasks in support of coalition troops throughout Afghanistan.[22]
Recently, the United States Geological Survey used the Orion to survey parts of southern and eastern Afghanistan for lithium, copper, and other mineral deposits.[23]
In Libya[edit]
Several U.S. Navy P-3C Orions, and two Canadian CP-140 Auroras, a variant of the Orion, have participated in maritime surveillance missions over Libyan waters in the framework of enforcement of the 2011 no-fly zone over Libya.[24][25]
A U.S. Navy P-3C Orion supporting Operation Odyssey Dawn engaged the Libyan coast guard vessel Vittoria on 28 March 2011 after the vessel and eight smaller craft fired on merchant ships in the port of Misrata, Libya. The Orion fired AGM-65 Maverick missiles on Vittoria, which was subsequently beached.[26]
Iran[edit]
A U.S. Navy F-14 Tomcat escorts an Iranian P-3F Orion over the Indian Ocean – 1981
Lockheed produced the P-3F variant of the P-3 Orion, for Iran. Six examples were delivered to the former Imperial Iranian Air Force (IIAF) in 1975 and 1976.
Following the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the Orions continued in service, after the IIAF was renamed the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force (IRIAF). They were used in the Tanker War phase of the Iran–Iraq War and were operated by one of the most successful squadrons of the IRIAF during that conflict. A total of four P-3Fs remain in service.
Pakistan[edit]
A Pakistan Navy P-3C Orion in Quetta, in October 2010
Three P-3C Orions, delivered to the Pakistan Navy in 1996 and 1997 were operated extensively during the Kargil conflict. After the crash of one, the type was grounded due to the loss of an entire crew; nonetheless, the aircraft were maintained in an armed state and airworthy condition throughout the escalation period of 2001 and 2002. In 2007, they were used by the navy to conduct signals intelligence, airborne and bombing operations in a Swat offensive and Operation Rah-e-Nijat. Precision and strategic bombing missions were carried out by the Orions, and in 2007, intelligence management operations were conducted against Taliban and al-Qaeda operatives.[27]
On 22 May 2011, two out of the four Pakistani P-3Cs were destroyed in an attack on PNS Mehran, a Pakistani Naval station in Karachi.[28] The Pakistani fleet had been readily used in overland, counter-insurgency operations. In June 2011, the U.S. agreed to replace the destroyed aircraft with two new ones, with delivery to follow later.[29] In February 2012, the U.S. delivered two additional P-3C Orion aircraft to the Pakistan Navy.[30]
In Somalia[edit]
A U.S. Navy P-3C Orion monitoring the hijacking of MV Maersk Alabama, 2009
The Spanish Air Force deployed P-3s to assist the international effort against piracy in Somalia. On 29 October 2008, a Spanish P-3 aircraft patrolling the coast of Somalia reacted to a distress call from an oil tanker in the Gulf of Aden. To deter the pirates, the aircraft flew over the pirates three times as they attempted to board the tanker, dropping a smoke bomb on each pass. After the third pass, the attacking pirate boats broke off their attack.[31] Later, on 29 March 2009, the same P-3 pursued the assailants of the German navy tanker Spessart (A1442), resulting in the capture of the pirates.[32]
In April 2011, the Portuguese Air Force also contributed to Operation Ocean Shield by sending a P-3C[33] which had early success when on its fifth mission detected a pirate whaler with two attack skiffs.[34]
Since 2009 the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force has deployed P-3s to Djibouti for anti-piracy patrols,[35][36][37] from 2011 from its own base.[38] As well the German Navy is contributing assets against piracy with one P-3 from time to time.
Civilian uses[edit]
Aero Union P-3A Orion taking off from Fox Field, Lancaster, California, to fight the North Fire
Several P-3 aircraft have been N-registered and are operated by civilian agencies. The US Customs and Border Protection has a number of P-3A and P-3B aircraft that are used for aircraft intercept and maritime patrol. NOAA operates two WP-3D variants specially modified for hurricane research. One P-3B, N426NA, is used by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as an Earth science research platform, primarily for the NASAScience Mission Directorate's Airborne Science Program. It is based at Goddard Space Flight Center's Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia.
Aero Union, Inc. operated eight secondhand P-3A aircraft configured as air tankers, which were leased to the U.S. Forest Service, the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection and other agencies for firefighting use. Several of these aircraft were involved in the U.S. Forest Service airtanker scandal but have not been involved in any catastrophic aircraft mishaps. Aero Union has since gone bankrupt, and their P-3s have been put up for auction.[39]
Variants[edit]
Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force Lockheed UP-3C Orion #9151
Over the years, numerous variants of the P-3 have been created. A few notable examples are:
- WP-3D: Two P-3C aircraft as modified on the production line for NOAA weather research, including hurricane hunting.
- EP-3E Aries: 10 P-3A and 2 EP-3B aircraft converted into ELINT aircraft.
- EP-3E Aries II: 12 P-3C aircraft converted into ELINT aircraft.
- AP-3C: Royal Australian Air Force P-3C/W aircraft which have been extensively upgraded by L-3 Communications with new mission systems, including an Elta SAR/ISAR radar and a GD-Canada acoustic processor system.
- CP-140 Aurora: Long-range maritime reconnaissance, anti-submarine warfare aircraft for the Canadian Forces. Based on the P-3C Orion airframe, but mounts the more advanced electronics suite of the Lockheed S-3 Viking; 18 built
- CP-140A Arcturus: Three P-3s without ASW equipment for Canadian Aurora crew training and various coastal patrol missions.
- P-7 proposed new-build and improved variant as a P-3 Orion replacement later canceled.
- Orion 21 proposed new-build and improved variant as a P-3 Orion replacement; lost to the Boeing P-8 Poseidon.
- P-3K2: Royal New Zealand Air Force P-3K2 aircraft which have been fully upgraded with totally new mission systems by L-3 Mission Integration Division, Greenville, Texas. The flight deck now has 'glass' instrumentation and navigation computer automation. The Tactical Rail (Tacrail) has been completely refitted with modern sensors, communication and data management systems.
Operators[edit]
Royal New Zealand Air Force Orion P-3K2 in operation over the pacific
Map with P-3 operators in red, former operators in light red.
Argentine Navy P-3B
P-3C, 11 Sqn RAAF, in 1990
Canadian CP-140 Aurora in June 2007
P-3C of the German Navy
A P-3P Orion (s/n 14802) at Faro Airport in 1994
Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force P-3C
NOAA WP-3DHurricane Hunters
U.S. Department of Homeland Security P-3AEW&C to track drug couriers
Military operators[edit]
- Argentina
- Argentine Naval Aviation – six P-3B; based at Base Aeronaval Alte. Zar, Trelew
- Australia
- Royal Australian Air Force – 18 AP-3C, 1 P-3C
- No. 92 Wing
- 10 Sqn, 11 Sqn and No. 292 Sqn); based at RAAF Base Edinburgh
- No. 92 Wing
In 2002, the RAAF received significantly upgraded AP-3C. Also known as Australian Orions they are fitted with a variety of sensors. They include digital multi-mode radar, electronic support measures, electro-optics detectors (infrared and visual), magnetic anomaly detectors, identification friend or foe systems, and acoustic detectors.[40] The Boeing P-8 Poseidon is gradually replacing them. The P-3 Orion celebrated 50 years of RAAF service in November 2018.
- Brazil
- Brazilian Air Force – 9 P-3AM (Upgraded) in 2008 (12 ex-USN airframes purchased).[41] Integrated with the CASA FITS (Fully Integrated Tactical System)utilized in antisubmarine warfare.[42]
- Chile
- Chilean Navy – four P-3A; based at Base Aeronaval Torquemada, Concón. Three used as patrol aircraft, one used for personnel transport. Chile plans to extend their service lives past 2030 by changing the wings, modernizing the engines, and integrating the AGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missile.[43]
- Canada
- Royal Canadian Air Force – Canada purchased 18 P-3A in 1980. The CP-140 Aurora are operated by 404 Long Range Patrol and Training Squadron, 405 Long Range Patrol Squadron, 415 Long Range Patrol Force Development Squadron, (all three from 14 Wing Greenwood), 407 Long Range Patrol Squadron (19 Wing Comox).[44][45]
- The RCAF also operated 3 CP-140A Arcturus, P-3 aircraft purchased in 1991 without an anti-submarine warfare suite and used primarily for pilot training and long-range surface patrol. The last two were retired in 2011.
- Germany
- German Navy – eight P-3C CUP+ (ex Royal Netherlands Navy); based at NAS Nordholz, Marinefliegergeschwader 3 Graf Zeppelin
- Greece
- Hellenic Air Force – six P-3B operated jointly with the Hellenic Navy, 1 in operable condition as of 2019, 3 additional of the planes are undergoing maintenance as of 2016 which should return them to airworthy condition, the first of which was completed in May 2019.[46]
- Iran
- Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force – four P-3F (71ASW SQN); based at Shiraz International Airport (Shahid Douran Air Base)
- Japan
- Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force – 93 P-3C, five EP-3, five OP-3C, one UP-3C, three UP-3D.[47] The Kawasaki Corporation assembled five airframes produced by Lockheed, and then Kawasaki produced more than 100 P-3s under license in Japan.[48] The Kawasaki P-1 is gradually replacing them.
- Air Patrol Squadron 3 (JMSDF) (1984–2017)[49]
- New Zealand
- Royal New Zealand Air Force – six P-3K2 (5 Sqn); based in RNZAF Base Auckland. Operated by 5 SQN. Five were originally delivered in 1966 as P-3Bs. Another was purchased from the RAAF in 1985. All six have been upgraded by L-3 Communications Canada and now designated as P-3K2,[50] with the first upgraded aircraft delivered back to New Zealand in April 2011.[51] The New Zealand Government announced[52] they are to be replaced in 2023 with the purchase of 4 Boeing P-8A Poseidons. An interim upgrade contract worth NZ$36M has been awarded to Boeing to upgrade the underwater intelligence, reconnaissance and surveillance capability of the P-3K2,[53] with a capability similar to what is provided in the P-8.[54]
- Norway
- Royal Norwegian Air Force – four P-3C, two P-3N (333 Sqn); based in Andøya Air Station
- Pakistan
- Pakistan Naval Air Arm – ~Four P-3C; based in Naval aviation base Faisal, Karachi. Upgraded P-3C MPA and P-3B AEW models (equipped with Hawkeye 2000 AEW system) ordered in 2006,[55] first upgraded P-3C delivered in early 2007. In June 2010, two more upgraded P-3Cs joined the Pakistan Navy with anti-ship and submarine warfare capabilities. A total of nine (9).[56] Two aircraft were destroyed in an attack by armed militants at the Mehran Naval Airbase.
- Portugal
- Portuguese Air Force – five P-3C CUP+ (ex Royal Netherlands Navy) operated by 601 Squadron 'Lobos', based in Beja Air Base. They replaced six former RAAF P-3Bs upgraded to P-3Ps in the late 1980s. The last P-3P flew on 13 October 2011.
- South Korea
- Republic of Korea Navy – eight P-3Cs, eight P-3CKs; based in Pohang Airport and Jeju international airport. Korean Air/L-3 Communications are upgrading the P-3C aircraft with new electronics, including new magnetic anomaly detectors, electro-optical sensors, surveillance equipment and a self-protection suite. The Navy's impetus stems from a 2010 experience in which ROK forces detected only 28% of North Korean submarines involved in exercises.[57]
- Spain
- Spanish Air Force – Two P-3A HWs, four P-3B ( ex-Norway) being upgraded to P-3M, based at Morón Air Base. The Spanish AF bought five P-3B from Norway in 1989 and it was planned to upgrade all five to M standard, however, due to budgetary constraints only four are to be upgraded, the remaining aircraft being used as spares source.
- Taiwan (Republic of China)
- Republic of China Air Force(1966–1967) – Least known of all P-3 family. Three P-3As (149669, 149673, 149678) were obtained by the CIA from the U.S. Navy under Project STSPIN in May 1963, as the replacement aircraft for CIA's own covert operation fleet of RB-69A/P2V-7U versions. Converted by Aerosystems Division of LTV at Greenville, Texas, the three P-3As were simply known as 'black' P-3As under 'Project Axial'. Officially transferred from U.S. Navy to CIA on June/July 1964, LTV Aerosystems converted the three aircraft to be both ELINT and COMINT platform. First of three 'black' P-3As arrived in Taiwan and officially transferred to ROCAF's top secret Black Bat Squadron on 22 June 1966. Armed with four Sidewinder short range AAM missiles for self-defense, the three 'black' P-3A flew peripheral missions along the China coast to collect SIGINT and air samples. When the project was terminated in January 1967, all three 'black' P-3As were flown to NAS Alameda, CA, for long term storage. In September 1967, Lockheed at Burbank, converted two of the three aircraft (149669 and 149678) into the only two EP-3B examples in existence in the world, while the third aircraft (149673) was converted by Lockheed in 1969–1970 to serve as a development aircraft for various electronic programs. The two EP-3Bs known as 'Bat Rack', owing to their short period of service with Taiwan's 'Black Bat' Squadron, were issued to U.S. Navy's VQ-1 Squadron in 1969 and deployed to Da Nang, Vietnam. Later, the two EP-3Bs were converted to EP-3E ARIES, along with seven EP-3As. The two EP-3Es retired in the 1980s, when replaced by 12 EP-3E ARIES II versions.[58]
- Republic of China Navy – The Taiwan Navy obtained 12 P-3C aircraft under the U.S. government's Foreign Military Sales program in 2007 which were then modernized to provide an additional 15,000 flight hours.[59] 12 P-3Cs (Ordered, with deliveries starting in 2012), with three 'spare' airframes that might be converting to EP-3E standard; based in south part of the island and offshore island.[60] In May 2014 Lockheed Martin were awarded a contract to upgrade and overhaul all 12 P-3Cs for completion by August 2015.[61]
- Thailand
- Royal Thai Navy – two P-3Ts, one VP-3T; based at RTNAB U-Tapao (102 Sqn)
- United States
- United States Navy – 100 P-3Cs and 14 EP-3Es in service.[62] The government of Singapore has expressed an interest in buying surplus P-3C aircraft from the U.S. Navy.[63]
Former military operators[edit]
- Netherlands
- Royal Netherlands Navy – Netherlands Naval Aviation Service – former operator.[citation needed]
Civilian operators[edit]
United States[edit]
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) – two WP-3Ds flown by NOAA Commissioned Corps officers, previously based at MacDill AFB, now based at Lakeland Linder International Airport, Florida
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration – one ex-USN P-3B; based at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia used for low altitude heavy lift airborne science missions, modified to support passive microwave instruments, such as NOAA's Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR), NASA's 2-DSTAR, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) polarimetric scatterometer (POLSCAT) instruments.[64]
- United States Department of Homeland Security / Bureau of Customs and Border Protection / Office of Air and Marine – eight P-3 AEWs; based at NAS Corpus Christi, Texas and Cecil Field and NAS Jacksonville, Florida. Used for border patrol and anti-drug duties. Former USN aircraft, modified and equipped with the same Airborne Early Warning radar as fitted to the E-2 Hawkeye.[65]
- United States Department of Homeland Security / Bureau of Customs and Border Protection / Office of Air and Marine – 8 P-3 LRTs (Long Range Tracker). Former USN aircraft also based at NAS Corpus Christi, Texas and Cecil Field, Jacksonville, Florida. Normally operate in tandem with P-3 AEW aircraft.[66]
- Airstrike Firefighters – 1 former Aero Union Tanker 23, with plans for 6 more P-3's.[67]
Former Civilian Operators[edit]
United States[edit]
- Aero Union – eight ex-USN P-3A; aircraft based at Chico Municipal Airport in Chico, California and converted into aerial firefighting platforms[68] Aero Union shut down and put its Orions up for auction in 2011.[39]
Notable events, accidents, and incidents[edit]
- 30 January 1963: United States Navy P-3A BuNo 149762 was lost at sea in the Atlantic Ocean, 14 crew killed.[69]
- 4 July 1966: Lockheed P-3A Orion, BuNo 152172, construction number 185-5142, assigned to VP-19, Radio call sign Papa Echo Zero Five (PE-05), crashed 7 miles (11 km) northeast Battle Creek, MI. The P-3A Orion was on the return leg of a cross country training flight from NAS New York-Floyd Bennett Field, New York to NAS Moffett Field, California via NAS Glenview, Illinois; all four crew lost.[70]
- 6 March 1969: USN P-3A BuNo 152765 tail coded RP-07 of VP-31 crashed at NAS Lemoore, California, at the end of a practice ground control approach (GCA) landing, all six crew died.
- 28 January 1971: Commander Donald H. Lilienthal, USN flew a P-3C Orion to a world speed record for heavyweight turboprops. Over 15–25 kilometers, he reached 501 miles per hour to break the Soviet Il-18's May 1968 record of 452 miles per hour.
- 26 May 1972: USN P-3A BuNo 152155 disappeared over the Pacific Ocean on a routine training mission after departing NAS Moffett Field, California, with the loss of eight crew members.[71]
- 3 June 1972: While attempting to fly through the Straits of Gibraltar, en route from Naval Station Rota, Spain to Naval Air Station Sigonella, Sicily, a U.S. Navy P-3A of VP-44 hit a mountain in Morocco, resulting in the death of all 14 crew on board the aircraft.[72]
- 12 April 1973: A United States Navy P-3C BuNo 157332 operating from NAS Moffett Field, California collided with a Convair CV-990 (N711NA) operated by NASA during approach to runway 32L. The aircraft crashed on the Sunnyvale Municipal Golf Course, 0.5 miles (0.80 km) short of the runway, resulting in destruction of both aircraft and the death of all but one crewmember.[73]
- 11 December 1977: USN P-3B BuNo 153428 from VP-11 operating from Lajes Field, Azores crashed on mountainous El Hierro (southwesternmost of the Canary Islands) in poor visibility. There were no survivors from the crew of 13.[74]
- 26 April 1978: USN P-3B BuNo 152724 from VP-23 crashed on landing approach to Lajes Field, Azores. Seven of the crew were killed and the plane sank into deep water preventing recovery to assess the cause of the crash.[75]
- 22 September 1978: USN P-3B BuNo 152757 from VP-8 disintegrated over Poland, Maine on 22 September 1978. An over-pressurized fuel tank caused the port wing to separate at the outboard engine.[76] The detached wing sheared off part of the tail; and aerodynamic forces caused the remaining engines and starboard wing to detach from the fuselage. Debris rained down near the south end of Tripp Pond shortly after 12:00. There were no survivors from the plane's 8-man crew.[77]
- 26 October 1978: USN P-3C BuNo 159892 call sign coded AF 586 from VP-9 operating from NAS Adak ditched at sea after an engine fire caused by a propeller malfunction. Ten of the 15-man crew were rescued by a Soviet trawler.[78]
- 27 June 1979: P-3B BuNo 154596 from VP-22 operating from NAS Cubi Point Philippines, had a propeller overspeed shortly after departure. The number 4 propeller then departed the aircraft striking the number three with a subsequent fire on that engine. While attempting an overweight landing with 2 engines out, the aircraft stalled, rolled inverted and crashed in Subic Bay just past Grande Island. Four crew and one passenger were killed in the crash.[79]
- 17 April 1980: USN P-3C BuNo 158213 from VP-50 while flying for a parachuting exhibition in Pago Pago, American Samoa struck overhead tram wires and crashed, killing all six crew on board.[79]
- 17 May 1983: USN P-3B BuNo 152733 tail coded YB-07 from VP-1 inadvertently landed gear up during a routine dedicated field work (DFW) pilot training flight at NAS Barbers Point. No crew were injured but the aircraft was a total loss.[80]
- 16 June 1983: USN P-3B BuNo 152720 tail coded YB-06 from VP-1 at NAS Barbers Point crashed into a mountain top in fog and low clouds on the Napali Coast between the Hanapu and Kalalau valleys in Kauai, Hawai'i shortly after 0400 hours, killing all 14 on board.[79][81]
- 13 September 1987: A Royal Norwegian Air Force P-3B, tail number '602', is hit from below by a Russian Air Force Sukhoi Su-27 of the 941st IAP V-PVO. The Su-27 flew below the P-3's starboard side, then accelerated and pulled up, clipping the #4 engine's propellers. The propeller shrapnel hit the Orion's fuselage and caused a decompression. There were no injuries and both aircraft returned safely to base.[82]
- 25 September 1990: The first production model P-3C Update III, BuNo 161762, assigned to VP-31 at NAS Moffett Field, impacted the runway at an excessive rate of descent while conducting at dedicated field work sortie at Naval Auxiliary Landing Field Crows Landing. Both main landing gear failed and the aircraft slid down the runway. Some crewmembers sustained minor injuries, but there were no fatalities. The aircraft was a total loss.[83]
- 21 March 1991: While on a training mission west of San Diego, California, two U.S. Navy P-3C Orions, BuNos 158930 and 159325 assigned to VP-50 based at NAS Moffett Field collided in midair, killing all 27 crew on board both aircraft.[84]
- 26 April 1991: AP-3C, tail number A9-754 of the Royal Australian Air Force, lost a wing leading edge and crashed into shallow water in the Cocos Island; one crewman was killed. Aircraft was cut up and used as an artificial reef.[85] The head investigator of this incident was RAAF FLTLT Richard Hall.[86]
- 16 October 1991: P-3A N924AU of Aero Union crashed into a mountain in Montana, United States killing both crew.[87]
- 25 March 1995: USN P-3C BuNo 158217 assigned to VP-47 was returning from a training mission in the North Arabian Sea when it suffered catastrophic engine failure of the number 4 engine. The aircraft ditched at sea 2 miles (3.2 km) from RAFO Masirah, Oman. All 11 crew members were rescued by the Royal Omani Air Force.[88]
- 1 April 2001: An aerial collision known as the Hainan Island incident between a USN EP-3E ARIES II, BuNo 156511, a signals reconnaissance version of the P-3C, and a People's Liberation Army Navy J-8IIM fighter resulted in the J-8IIM crashing and its pilot was killed. The EP-3 came close to becoming uncontrollable, at one point sustaining a near inverted roll, but was able to make an emergency landing on Hainan.[89]
- 20 April 2005: P-3B N926AU of Aero Union crashed while conducting practice drops of water over an area of rugged mountainous terrain located north of the Chico Airport. All three crew onboard were killed.[90]
- 22 May 2011: Twenty Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan militants claiming to avenge Osama Bin Laden's death destroyed two Pakistan Navy P-3C Orions during an armed attack at PNS Mehran, a heavily guarded base of the Pakistan Navy located in Karachi.[91] The aircraft had been readily used by the Pakistani military in overland counter-insurgency surveillance operations.[92]
- 15 February 2014: Three US Navy P-3C Orions were crushed 'beyond repair' when their hangar, at NAF Atsugi, Japan was destroyed due to a massive snow storm.[93][94]
Surviving aircraft[edit]
- 150509 – P-3A – Moffett Field Historical Society (former NAS Moffett Field), California.
- 151370 – P–3A Cockpit – Moffett Field Historical Society (former NAS Moffett Field), California.
- 150511 – VP-3A – Pima Air and Space Museum, adjacent to Davis-Monthan AFB, Tucson, Arizona. Aircraft last assigned to Executive Transport Det, NAS Signonella, Sicily
- 151374 – P-3A – NAS Jacksonville Heritage Park, NAS Jacksonville, Florida
- 152152 – P-3A – National Naval Aviation Museum, NAS Pensacola, Florida. Aircraft last assigned to VP-69.
- 152156 – P-3A – Brunswick Executive Airport (former NAS Brunswick), Maine
- 152184 – VP-3T – U-Tapao RTAFB, Thailand. Former US Navy aircraft, transferred to, operated by and later retired as gate guard by Royal Thai Navy.
- 152729 – P-3B – U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Washington, DC. Registered as N769SK.
- 152748 – P-3B – Navy Operational Support Center (formerly Naval Air Facility Detroit), Selfridge ANGB, Michigan. Aircraft last assigned to VP-93.
- 160770 – P-3C CDU – Naval Air Museum Barbers Point, Kalaeloa Airport (former Naval Air Station Barbers Point), Hawaii. Aircraft last assigned to VP-9, but carrying 1960s era markings of VP-6 for U.S. Naval Aviation Centennial celebration in 2011.
- 156515 – P-3C Hickory Aviation Museum, at Hickory Regional Airport, Hickory North Carolina.
- 160753 – AP-3C – Historical Aircraft Restoration Society, Illawarra Regional Airport, New South Wales, Australia. Ex-Royal Australian Air Force A9-753, former 10 Squadron aircraft and later 292 Squadron as a static training aid.[95] Officially handed over to HARS by the RAAF on 3 November 2017.[96] Civil registered as VH-ORI and will be maintained as a flying warbird.[97]
- 160756 – AP-3C – South Australian Aviation Museum, South Australia. Construction number 5666, RAAF A9-756, received by 10 Squadron as a P-3C in 1978, upgraded to AP-3C in early 2000s.[98]
- 160999 – P-3C UD II – Marine Corps Air Station Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. Aircraft last assigned to VP-9.
- 161006 – P-3C UD II – Joint Base Andrews (former Naval Air Facility Washington), Maryland. Aircraft last assigned to VP-68.
- RCAF Serial 140119 – CP-140A – Greenwood Military Museum, CFB Greenwood, Canada. Aircraft last assigned to RCAF404 (MP) Squadron.
Specifications (P-3C Orion)[edit]
P-3 aircraft of the Royal New Zealand Air Force, Royal Australian Air Force, and the United States Navy (with RAAF Dassault Mirage III)
General characteristics
- Crew: 11[1] (12 prior to elimination of aviation ordnanceman position in USN aircraft due to budget constraints)
- Length: 116 ft 10 in (35.6 m[100])
- Wingspan: 99 ft 8 in[100] (30.4 m)
- Height: 38 ft 8 in[100] (11.8 m)
- Wing area: 1300 ft² (120.8 m²)
- Airfoil: NACA 0014-1.10 (Root) – NACA 0012-1.10 (Tip)
- Empty weight: 77,200 lb (35,000 kg[100])
- Useful load: 57,800 lb (26,400 kg)
- Loaded weight: 135,000 lb (61,400 kg)
- Max. takeoff weight: 142,000 lb (64,400 kg[100])
- Powerplant: 4[1] × Allison T56-A-14[1]turboprop[1], 4,600 shp[1] (3,430 kW) each
- Propellers: Four-bladed Hamilton Standard propeller[1], 1 per engine
- Propeller diameter: 13 ft 6 in (4.11 m)
Performance
- Maximum speed: 411 kn[1] (750 km/h)
- Cruise speed: 328 kn[1] (610 km/h)
- Range: 2,380 nmi radius[1] (4,400 km)
- Combat radius: 1,346 nmi[1] (2,490 km) three hours on-station at 1,500 feet
- Ferry range: 4,830 nmi[100] (8,944 km)
- Endurance: 16 hours[100]
- Service ceiling: 28,300 ft[1] (8,625 m)
- Rate of climb: 3,140 ft/min (16 m/s)
- Wing loading: 107 lb/ft² (530 kg/m²)
- Power/mass: 0.136 hp/lb at max gross (0.23 kW/kg)
Armament
- Guns: None
- Hardpoints: 10 wing stations in total (3x on each wing and 2x on each wing root) and eight internal bomb bay stations with a capacity of 20,000 lb (9,100 kg)[1] and provisions to carry combinations of:
- Rockets: None
- Missiles:
- Air-to-surface missile:4× AGM-65 Maverick,6× AGM-84 Harpoon,4× AGM-84 Standoff Land Attack Missile (SLAM-ER)[1]
- Bombs:
- Depth charges, Mk 101 Lulunuclear depth bomb,10× MK20 Rockeye, MK80 Series (18× MK82, MK83, MK84) general purpose bombs, B57 nuclear bomb (US service only, retired 1993)
- Other:
- Mk 44 (mostly retired from service),8× Mk 46,[1] 6× Mk 50,7× Mk 54 or MU90 Impacttorpedoes
- Mk 25, Mk 39, Mk 55,7× Mk 56, Mk 60 CAPTOR or 6× Mk 65 or 18× mk 62 or 11×mk 63 Quickstrike naval mines[101]
- Stonefish naval mine (in Australian service)
- Active and passive Sonobuoys
Avionics
- RADAR: Raytheon AN/APS-115 Maritime Surveillance Radar, AN/APS-137D(V)5 Inverse Synthetic Aperture Search Radar[101]
- IFF: APX-72, APX-76, APX-118/123 Interrogation Friend or Foe (IFF)[101]
- EO/IR: ASX-4 Advanced Imaging Multispectral Sensor (AIMS), ASX-6 Multi-Mode Imaging System (MMIS)
- ESM: ALR-66 Radar Warning Receiver, ALR-95(V)2 Specific Emitter Identification/Threat Warning
- Hazeltine Corporation AN/ARR-78(V) sonobuoy receiving system[101]
- Fighting Electronics Inc AN/ARR-72 sonobuoy receiver[101]
- IBM Proteus UYS-1 acoustic processor
- AQA-7 directional acoustic frequency analysis and recording sonobuoy indicators[101]
- AQH-4 (V) sonar tape recorder[101]
- ASQ-81 magnetic anomaly detector (MAD)[101]
- ASA-65 magnetic compensator[101]
- Lockheed Martin AN/ALQ-78(V) electronic surveillance receiver[101]
See also[edit]
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
Related lists
References[edit]
Notes
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- ^ ab'Lockheed Martin P-3 Orion.'Aeroflight.co.uk, 31 July 2010. Retrieved: 16 November 2010.
- ^'P-3 production.'p3orion.nl. Retrieved: 7 June 2011.
- ^ abcd'P-3 history.'GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved: 14 July 2010.
- ^Reade 1998.
- ^'Second VP-9.'Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons — Volume 2, p. 74. Retrieved: 7 July 2012.
- ^Thomas, Todd J. 'First Digital Airborne Computing System: UNIVAC 1830, CP-823/U Serial A-New Mod 3, Engineering Prototype Lockheed P-3 Orion.'p3oriontopsecret.com, 2010. Retrieved: 9 December 2010.
- ^ abSerling, Robert J., Loud and Clear, Dell, 1970.
- ^Lessons of a turboprop inquestFlight 17 February 1961 p.225
- ^Murphy, Pat. 'Fighting fire like a regular military ground, air war: Onetime jinxed airliner now a superstar fire bomber.'[permanent dead link]mtexpress.com, 2010. Retrieved: 16 November 2010.
- ^'P-3 Orion Overview.'Federation of American Scientists (FAS). Retrieved: 25 January 2011.
- ^'Lockheed Martin Awarded Contract to Build Outer Wing Sets for the US Navy's P-3 Orion Fleet.'deagel.com, 4 September 2008.
- ^'P-3C.'Archived 28 July 2010 at the Wayback Machinehistory.navy.mil. Retrieved: 14 July 2010.
- ^'Air Anti-Submarine Warfare .'fas.org. Retrieved: 14 July 2010.
- ^'Born to Fly,' by Lt. Shane Osborn: Navy Lt. Shane Osborn's Tale of Danger and Survival.'abcnews.go.com, 30 September 2004. Retrieved: 28 July 2010.
- ^'P-3 Subhunters Using ASW Gear to Find Narco-Subs?'defensetech.org, 14 January 2011. Retrieved: 25 January 2011.
- ^Page, Lewis. 'First true submarine captured from American drug smugglers.'The Register, 6 July 2010. Retrieved: 25 January 2011.
- ^'VP-26 Memorial: VP-26 Crew – In Memorium – VP-26 Crew.'vpnavy.org. Retrieved: 14 July 2010.
- ^Reade 1998, pp. 42–49.
- ^ abChudy, Jason.'P-3C Anti-Surface Warfare Improvement Program (P-3C AIP).'Archived 29 October 2009 at the Wayback Machinelockheedmartin.com. Retrieved: 14 July 2010.
- ^Chudy, Jason.'P-3C Anti-Surface Warfare Improvement Program (P-3C AIP).'military.com. Retrieved: 14 July 2010.
- ^'Defence Ministers » Minister for Defence and Minister for Defence Science and Personnel – Joint Media Release – Last AP-3C Orion Aircraft welcomed home from Middle East'. defence.gov.au. Archived from the original on 29 April 2013.
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- ^'US Navy P-3C, USAF A-10 and USS Barry Engage Libyan Vessels.'africom.mil, 29 March 2011. Retrieved: 29 March 2011
- ^Mackey, Robert. 'Before Attack, Pakistan’s Navy Boasted of Role in Fight Against Taliban.'The New York Times, 23 May 2011. Retrieved: 10 April 2012.
- ^'Foreign Hand Behind PNS Mehran Base Attack in Pakistan'. Pakalert Press. 26 May 2011. Archived from the original on 29 May 2011.
- ^'US to replace two P3C Orion aircraft.'Dawn.com, 17 June 2011.
- ^'Pakistan Navy receives two P3Cs.'News International, 22 February 2012. Retrieved: 9 April 2012.
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- ^'Boxer Supports International Counter-Piracy Effort in Gulf of Aden – Other Attacks Increase Off Somali Coast.'dvidshub.net, 28 October 2008. Retrieved: 14 July 2010.
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- ^'News Release: NATO’S latest counter piracy weapon strikes early blow.'Allied Maritime Command Headquarters Northwood, 29 April 2011. Retrieved: 28 June 2011.
- ^Japan: Joining the Anti-Piracy Effort off the Somali Coast May 28, 2009 Retrieved 21 November 2016
- ^Here’s how Coalition Patrol Planes Hunt Somali Pirates in the Horn of Africa January 23, 2013The Aviationist Retrieved 21 November 2016
- ^Japan's Actions against Piracy off the Coast of Somalia February 15, 2016Ministry of Foreign Affairs Retrieved 21 November 2016
- ^Japan to expand Djibouti military base to counter Chinese influence October 13, 2016Reuters Retrieved 21 November 2016
- ^ ab'Aero Union to auction their P-3 air tankers'. wildfiretoday.com.
- ^'AP-3C Orion maritime patrol aircraft.'Archived 19 December 2008 at the Wayback Machineraaf.gov, 29 March 2009. Retrieved: 14 July 2010.
- ^'World Air Forces listing A-B'. 24 November 1999.
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- ^Chile; P-3 Orions life extension plansArchived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine – Dmilt.com, 13 July 2013
- ^Green, William (1988). Aircraft (37 ed.). Frederick Warne. pp. 142–143. ISBN0 7232 3534 1.
- ^'CP-140 Aurora'. Royal Canadian Air Force. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
- ^Igor, Bozinovski (21 May 2019). 'Greek P-3B re-enters service'. Jane's 360. Skopje. Archived from the original on 21 May 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
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- ^Polmar 2005, p. 416.
- ^厚木航空基地HP トピックス:P-1への移行完了 Retrieved 28 September 2017 ‹See Tfd›(in Japanese)
- ^http://www.airforce.mil.nz/about-us/what-we-do/aircraft/orion.htm
- ^http://www.nzdf.mil.nz/news/media-releases/2011/20110427-aotrpo.htm
- ^'New Zealand to buy four P-8A Poseidon Maritime Patrol Aircraft'. The Beehive. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
- ^https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/further-investment-new-defence-capabilities
- ^http://australianaviation.com.au/2016/08/boeing-to-upgrade-rnzaf-p-3k-orions/
- ^Ansari, Usman. 'Pakistan Navy To Boost Air Surveillance Capability.'[permanent dead link]defencenews.com, 30 January 2010. Retrieved: 14 July 2010.
- ^Ansari, Usman. 'Pakistan navy planes to get more teeth.'expressindia.com, 14 February 2007. Retrieved: 14 July 2010.
- ^Perrett, Bradley, Sub-hunting, Aviation Week and Space Technology, 8 July 2013, p.27
- ^Pocock, Chris. The Black Bats: CIA Spy Flights Over China From Taiwan, 1951–1969. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 2010. ISBN978-0-7643-3513-6.
- ^'Taiwan'. Lockheed Martin. Lockheed Martin. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
P-3- The Taiwan Navy obtained 12 P-3C aircraft under the U.S. government’s Foreign Military Sales program in 2007 which were then modernized to provide an additional 15,000 flight hours.
- ^'U.S. in deal to refurbish aircraft for Taiwan.'Washington Post, 13 March 2009. Retrieved: 14 July 2010.[dead link]
- ^'Contract View'. defense.gov. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014.
- ^'WorldAirForces2016-Corrected.pdf'. Flightglobal.com.
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- ^Eastmunt, Catherine. 'P-3B Description.'Archived 11 June 2009 at the Wayback MachineWallops Flight Facility: NASA. Retrieved: 14 July 2010.
- ^'DHS Air Assets P-3 AEW: Lockheed Orion P-3B AEW.'Archived 29 October 2009 at the Wayback Machinecbp.gov, 11 March 2009. Retrieved: 14 July 2010.
- ^'DHS Air Assets P-3 LRT: Lockheed Orion P-3B AEW.'Archived 29 October 2009 at the Wayback Machinecbp.gov, 11 March 2009. Retrieved: 14 July 2010.
- ^'Colorado signs CWN contract for P-3 air tankers' //, accessed 28 August 2018 at Fire Aviation.
- ^'Firefighting.'aerounion.com, 2003. Retrieved: 14 July 2010.
- ^Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network
- ^'P-3 Orion Crash Site Michigan – Wreckchasing Message Board'. pacaeropress.websitetoolbox.com.
- ^Ranter, Harro and Fabian I. Lujan. 'ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed P-3A-50-LO Orion 152155 California.'Aviation Safety Network, 2005. Retrieved: 28 June 2011.
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- ^'Third VP-23.'Archived 9 July 2011 at the Library of Congress Web Archives United States Navy. Retrieved: 21 January 2012.
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- ^Jampoler, Andrew C.A. Adak: the rescue of Alfa Foxtrot 586. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2003. ISBN1-59114-412-4.
- ^ abc'Accident List- United States.'Archived 10 November 2015 at the Wayback MachineVPI Book of Remembrance, 27 September 2008. Retrieved: 7 July 2012.
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- ^http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_287.shtml
- ^Ranter, Harro. 'ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed P-3C Orion 161762 Crows Landing-Aux Field, CA (NRC)'. aviation-safety.net.
- ^'VP-50 Crew 2/11 — In Memoriam — VP-50 Crew 2/11, 21 March 1991'. U.S. Navy Patrol Squadrons. Retrieved: 25 January 2011.
- ^Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network
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- ^'A P-3 ditches with Four engines Out, All Survive.' http://www.vpnavy.org/vp47ditch.html. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
- ^Brookes 2002, pp. 101–110.
- ^Ranter, Harro. 'ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed P-3B Orion N926AU Chico, CA'. aviation-safety.net.
- ^Jung, Ahmed, Faraz Khan and Jahanzaib Haque. 'Navy says PNS base under control after attack.'tribune.com, 23 May 2011. Retrieved: 23 May 2011.
- ^Mackey, Robert. 'The Lede (blog): Before Attack, Pakistan’s Navy Boasted of Role in Fight Against Taliban.'The New York Times, 23 May 2011. Retrieved: 10 April 2012.
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- ^http://www.adf-serials.com.au/3a9.htm
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- 'AP-3C Orion maritime patrol aircraft.'Royal Australian Air Force, 28 November 2008. Retrieved: 14 July 2010.
- Brookes, Andrew. Destination Disaster. London: Ian Allan, 2002. ISBN0-7110-2862-1.
- Eden, Paul (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. London: Amber Books, 2004. ISBN1-904687-84-9.
- McCaughlin, Andrew. 'Quiet Achiever.' Australian Aviation, December 2007.
- Polmar, Norman. The Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. fleet. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 2005. ISBN1-59114-685-2.
- Reade, David (1998). The Age of Orion: The Lockheed P-3 Orion Story. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer publications. ISBN0-7643-0478-X..
- Upgrade of the Orion Maritime Patrol Aircraft Fleet. Canberra: Australian National Audit Office (ANAO), 2005. ISBN0-642-80867-8.
- Winchester, Jim, ed. 'Lockheed P-3 Orion.' Military Aircraft of the Cold War (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange plc, 2006. ISBN1-84013-929-3.
External links[edit]
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